Depthof Field (DOF) atau ruang ketajaman atau kedalaman ruang adalah penjelasan tentang seberapa luas area yang tajam dan area yang tidak tajam (blur) pada sebuah gambar. Dalam artikel ini kita akan membahas seperti apa itu yang dimaksud ruang ketajaman dan faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya DOF lebar maupun DOF sempit. DOFdapat diartikan sebagai ruang batas tajam, bagian mana yang ingin terlihat tajam dan bagian mana yang ingin terlihat kabur. Ruang tajam yang dimaksud adalah area gambar yang akan nampak tajam jika dilihat pada jarak tertentu dan bukaan diafragma tertentu pula. Besar kecil ruang tajam dipengaruhi beberapa hal. Thestudy was carried out with variations in target depth of 0 cm to 30 cm with 1 cm intervals and fields size ranging from (5x5) cm2 to (39x39) cm2 with intervals (2x2) cm2. Padapostingan ini kita akan mengenal DoF atau Depth of Field lebih jauh dan faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhinya. Sederhananya, DoF atau Depth of Field adalah ukuran seberapa luas/seberapa jauhnya area yang tampak fokus/tajam pada foto. Area fokus pada setiap foto itu bervariasi. Thisarticle is meant to teach you how to prevent memory leaks and how the Roblox lua garbage collector works. Level 6 - Unknown Level 7 - Easy entrance through level 1, does not seem to hold much, there is a place past a code door, past that is an empty room, and an active Smoke Detector. The company has always been infamous for putting its Thelens and aperture are key factors in determining depth of field. Lenses are known by their focal lengths - 14mm, 50mm, 200mm. Their role is to bend the rays of light that enter through the . Image Credit Flickr Cara obyek direproduksi dalam sebuah foto bisa sangat berbeda dari bagaimana ia tampil ketika diambil gambarnya. Ketika Anda menatap dengan mata Anda ke seluruh obyek, segala sesuatu di dalamnya tampak kurang lebih sama tajam, tapi kadang-kadang hanya fokus bagian tertentu obyek foto sehingga tampak tajam dan tampak blur di bagian selainnya. Disini akan kita bahasa penjelasan mengenai DOF. Zona ketajaman ini disebut depth-of-field DOF, yaitu ketajaman yang membentang ke depan dan ke belakang dari titik yang benar-benar menjadi fokus pada saat itu. Ukuran zona ketajaman ditentukan oleh tiga faktor utama – aperture atau bukaan lensa, panjang fokus lensa dan jarak Anda dari subjek. Memvariasikan ketiga elemen ini memungkinkan Anda mengontrol hampir penuh atas hasil depth-of-field dalam foto/gambar. Ilustrasi Depth of Field area ketajaman Ketika sebagian besar bagian obyek pada gambar terlihat tajam, maka kita katakan DOF luas. Bila hanya beberapa bagian saja yang tajam, maka kita katakan DOF sempit atau terbatas. Apakah kita akan menggunakan depth-of-field luas atau sempit tergantung pada konsep dan bagaimana ingin menggambarkan obyek terkait. Tiga faktor utama yang dapat digunakan untuk mengontrol DOF. Faktor Utama Penentu DOF 1. Aperture Lensa Hubungan langsung antara aperture dan depth-of-field yaitu semakin kecil aperture, semakin luas depth-of-field artinya semakin banyak bagian yang tajam dan sebaliknya, semakin besar aperture semakin sempit depth-of-field semakin sedikit bagian yang tajam. Jadi jika Anda ingin mendapatkan sebanyak mungkin bagian foto yang tajam, setting sekecil mungkin aperture – misal antara f/16, atau bahkan f/22 jika lensa mendukung. Jangan lupakan kondisi pencahayaan, mungkin perlu menggunakan tripod atau bentuk lain yang membuat kamera stabil karena dengan aperture kecil kecepatan shutter membutuhkan lebih lama sehingga menciptakan risiko hasil foto blur karena kamera-goyang. Namun, jika Anda ingin memusatkan perhatian hanya pada satu bagian dari obyek foto, dan membuang sisanya agar blur/out-of-focus, sebaiknya pilih aperture besar. Seberapa besar persisnya ini bisa tergantung pada aperture maksimum lensa yang Anda gunakan. Pada lensa standar 50mm bisa f/1,7 f/1,8 atau f/2, tetapi untuk standar biasanya sekitar f/3,5 atau f / 4,5. Untuk pengambilan gambar pada umumnya, bila Anda ingin sebagian besar bagian foto tajam, Anda bisa mengatur aperture sekitar f/8 sampai f/11. Ini bisa dicapai dengan setting mode eksposur Program dimana akan diatur secara otomatis oleh kamera. Bila memungkinkan Anda harus mengambil kendali seleksi aperture dan menggunakan Aperture-Priority atau mode manual. Berikut adalah contoh bagaimana menggunakan lensa Nikon lama untuk membantu menunjukkan skala dan kedalaman lapangan berdasarkan aperture yang dipilih. Lensa diatur ke aperture f/8, segala obyek dari jarak infinity simbol yang terlihat seperti angka delapan ke jarak 5kaki akan tampak tajam. Lensa diatur ke aperture f/22, segala obyek dari jarak infinity simbol yang terlihat seperti angka delapan ke jarak 2 kaki akan tampak tajam. 2. Panjang Fokus Lensa Menggunakan lensa wide-angle Anda akan mendapatkan keuntungan dari depth-of-field yang luas, yang membuatnya mudah untuk menjaga semua bagian obyek dalam foto dalam fokus. Semakin lebar sudut view, semakin besar dept-of-field. Sebaliknya jika menggunakan lensa tele maka depth-of-field lebih terbatas. Semakin besar focal-length lensa tele, semakin membatasi zona ketajaman. Sebagai contoh pengaruh menggunakan focal length yang berbeda adalah. Lensa Nikon 28mm wide-angle di f/22 akan memberikan hasil yang tajam dari jarak 2 kaki hingga jarak infinity tak terbatas. Sedangkan lensa Micro Nikkor 55mm dari jarak 7 kaki hingga infinity. Dan lensa Nikkor 105mm dari jarak sekitar 28 meter hingga tak terbatas. 3. Jarak Kamera ke Obyek Semakin dekat kamera dengan obyek foto maka semaki terbatas depth-of-field atau ruang ketajaman. Bahkan, saat pengambilan foto close-up atau macro maka ruang ketajaman akan menjadi sangat sempit hanya beberapa milimeter di depan dan di belakang obyek. Jadi di atas adalah penjelasan secara teorinya, perlu banyak berlatih praktek langsung sekian lama untuk mendapatkan feel mengenai DOF ini. Bersambung ke Bagian-2 yaitu contoh teknik umum menggunakan depth-of-field Bagian Kedua source Author Recent Posts A writer and photographer with a passion for technology, astronomy, and virtual reality. Skilled in multiple programming languages, specializing in software architecture. There’s a cloud hanging over this weekend’s Belmont Stakes, and not only the metaphorical one that won’t disperse following the death of a dozen horses at Churchill Downs last month. No, this cloud is a physical one, a smoky, sometimes gray, sometimes orange, often acrid cloud floating down from Canada due to the wildfires in racing is alit with speculation about whether the dangerous air quality will lead to cancellations at Belmont Park, on Saturday or in the days leading up to it. The racing card did get canceled for Wednesday, air quality in the New York metropolitan area reached historically dangerous levels, with several sports organizations postponing scheduled contests. Current forecasts suggest that the smoke will begin to dissipate over the next couple of days, although its ill effects will be felt through a statement, a New York Racing Association spokesperson said, “NYRA utilizes external weather services and advanced on-site equipment to monitor weather conditions and air quality in and around Belmont Park. Training was normally conducted Thursday, and NYRA will continue to assess the overall environment to ensure the safety of training and racing throughout the Belmont Stakes Racing Festival.”Post time for the Belmont Stakes is 702 ET on Saturday, June 10. The Belmont is the 12th on a 13-race the first two legs of the Triple Crown, which NBC broadcasted, the Belmont will be shown simultaneously on two Fox properties, Fox and FS1. The latter hosts a year-round live show from New York Racing Association tracks Aqueduct Race Track, Belmont Park, and Saratoga Race Course on most racing stations will offer coverage from 4-7 ET on Saturday. The Fox show will feature Curt Menefee, thoroughbred trainer Tom Amoss, jockey Mike Smith, Chris Fallica and Charissa Thompson, while the broadcast on FS1 will be tailored to a chance of afternoon showers on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, but it doesn’t appear at this point that the horses will be running on an off-track. If that changes, we’ll update the analysis to include the mudders in the – Tapit ShoesOdds 20-1Jockey José L. Ortiz Trainer Brad H. Cox Record 5-1-1-1One of two horses in the race sired by Tapit, who counts four Belmont Stakes winners among his progeny Tonalist 2014, Creator 2016, Tapwrit 2017 and Essential Quality 2021, and one of three trained by Cox, who won this race in 2021. He’s never run in, let alone won, a graded stakes race, though he does have arguably the best rider in the country on his back and distance pedigree on both sire and dam sides. Post position one isn’t as much of a drawback in a 10-furlong race as it might be at shorter distances, and while I will likely pass on him as a winner, I’ll use him underneath in exactas and – Tapit TriceOdds 3-1Jockey Luis Saez Trainer Todd A. Pletcher Record 6-4-0-1Tapit’s second runner in this year’s Belmont and first of two for trainer Todd Pletcher. He cost $ million as a yearling and has banked nearly $900,000 in a six-race career; he was most recently seventh in the Kentucky Derby, the only time that he’s finished out of the top three. He’s won as both a closer and a stalker, and I expect him to be a major player on – ArcangeloOdds 8-1Jockey Javier Castellano Trainer Jena M. Antonucci Record 4-2-1-0This lightly raced gray ridgling demonstrated that he belongs in this race with a win in the Grade 3 Peter Pan at Belmont last month. He cost $35,000 at auction and is sired by the late stallion Arrogate, who retired with $17 million in earnings and an Eclipse Award for champion three-year-old colt. Arcangelo’s damsire is Tapit, so the distance shouldn’t be a problem for him. Trainer Antonucci is trying both to earn her first Grade 1 win and to become the first female trainer to win the – National TreasureOdds 5-1Jockey John R. Velazquez Trainer Bob Baffert Record 6-2-1-2The Preakness winner comes back on three weeks rest after passing on the Kentucky Derby, and he’s back in the barn of trainer Bob Baffert Tim Yakteen had briefly trained him in an attempt to earn Kentucky Derby qualifying points, which Baffert is banned by Churchill Downs from doing. He does his best running on the lead, which is generally not a winning strategy in the Belmont, especially given the mile-and-a-half track configuration, which can fake out jockeys into going too fast too soon. That is unlikely to happen to John Velazquez, who’s won seven riding titles at Belmont Park and has twice won this race. I’m going with the angle in which the added distance and the short rest will do – Il MiracoloOdds 30-1Jockey Marcos Meneses Trainer Antonio Sano Record 10-2-3-0He’s never shown even remotely that he can compete with horses at this level; the jockey is inexperienced at Belmont, and even though he’s got Tapit in his pedigree on his mother’s side, that’s not enough for me to back him. If he wins, it will indeed be a – ForteOdds 5-1Jockey Irad Ortiz, Jr. Trainer Todd A. Pletcher Record 7-6-0-0What to make of Forte? He was the likely Kentucky Derby winner until he was scratched the morning of the race by vets at Churchill Downs, due to a bruised foot; because that scratch landed him on the vets’ list, he couldn’t come back two weeks later to run in the Preakness. So now we have a seriously talented horse that hasn’t run since April 1; that is recovering or has recovered from an injured hoof; and was recently seen stumbling during morning training at Belmont Park, as he did during Derby training. We’ve also learned since the Derby that his Grade 1 win in the Hopeful Stakes at Saratoga last summer is in jeopardy due to a medication positive and disqualification that is being appealed by his connections. Can his talent overcome all of this? If he’s healthy and fit, it’s his race to – Hit ShowOdds 10-1Jockey Manuel Franco Trainer Brad H. Cox Record 6-3-1-0Stop me if you’ve heard this before this Belmont runner has Tapit in his pedigree. He put together an impressive string of races, including a nose loss in the Grade 2 Wood Memorial at Aqueduct, before finishing fifth in the Derby. His stalking style suits this race, and I’d say he’s in with a better chance to finish underneath than to win, but you can’t overlook – Angel of EmpireOdds 7-2Jockey Flavien Prat Trainer Brad H. Cox Record 7-4-1-1He ran a terrific race in the Derby to finish third by a length and a half, and he’ll once again be ridden by Prat, who’s been aboard for his best races. He’s a stalking/closer type whose running style will suit this race. Must-use on your – Red Route OneOdds 15-1Jockey Joel Rosario Trainer Steven M. Asmussen Record 10-2-2-1Back two weeks after a fourth-place finish in the Preakness, still winless in seven graded stakes attempts. He’s beautifully bred, with a Breeders’ Cup Classic winning sire and – say it with me – Tapit on his dam side. He’s a competitive, reasonably talented horse that is overmatched here.Top Photo of Tapit Trice Al Bello / Getty Images; Photo of National Treasure Rob Carr/ Getty Images Profundidade de campo "depth of field" em inglês, ou simplesmente DOF é a relação entre o objeto focado e tudo o que está ao redor. Trocando em miúdos, ela define o quanto um objeto está focado em relação aos demais assuntos em uma cena. Cachorro como objeto central da foto, em foco Foto Reprodução — Foto TechTudo A profundidade de campo tem relação direta com o foco, com a nitidez de uma fotografia. São três os itens considerados para construi-la a abertura de lente, distância focal e a proximidade entre o fotógrafo e o objeto. Você pode conferir as técnicas para deixar o fundo de fotos desfocado em artigo publicado pelo TechTudo. Para que serve a profundidade focal? Importante para dar a nitidez necessária ao objeto, cena ou modelo, a profundidade de campo também é a dica para quem quer fazer fotos com uma pitada de arte. O desfoque se tornou uma marca interessante para produzir composições sofisticadas. Retratos, por exemplo, se saem bem ao ter o efeito aplicado. Não à toa, o Photoshop implementou recurso com o mesmo efeito para gerar em fotos "prontas". saiba mais Created by Jasmine J Mah and Kenneth AlambraReviewed by Wojciech Sas, PhD and Adena BennLast updated Jun 05, 2023This depth of field calculator, or DoF calculator, will help you take more fantastic portrait and landscape shots by understanding your camera better when it comes to the depth of field. Take your depth of field photography to the next level with a solid understanding of What depth of field is; What circle of confusion is; How to adjust the depth of field; The different depth of field formulas; and How to calculate the depth of field. What is the depth of field? Depth of field is the distance between two planes, a closer one and a farther one, in which we can position objects to have an "acceptably sharp" image formed in a camera. Objects beyond the depth of field will appear blurred or out of focus. On a manual camera, we can set a wide or deep depth of field to capture more details of a scene, or we can have a narrow or shallow depth of field to focus on a particular object while blurring out the background or the foreground as shown in the image comparison belowWe can achieve these depths of field by changing Our camera's aperture area; The lens we use to explore different focal lengths; and Our distance to our subject or our focusing distance. But first, how come we see blurred areas in the images we capture? We can explain that using the concept of the circle of is circle of confusion? Imagine an arbitrary point where we focus our camera. As light bounces off this point and travels towards our camera's aperture opening, it spreads out and starts to get blurry. The more it spreads out, the blurrier it gets. The maximum size spot of a circle this point can spread out before we consider it out of focus is called the circle of confusion. The diameter of the circle of confusion, which we also call the circle of confusion limit, defines how deep the depth of field is. We can observe the circle of confusion in two instances one between the camera and the focusing distance and one beyond the focusing distance. We call the distance from the camera toward the first circle of confusion the depth of field near limit, while the distance from the camera towards the second circle of confusion is the depth of field far limit, as shown in this illustrationThe circle of confusion limit depends on various factors such as the camera's sensor size, the viewer's visual acuity, and the enlargement of the image produced by the camera to print size. We'll learn more about this in the following sections of this to adjust depth of field? Aperture area Using a small aperture opening, we can achieve a deep depth of field where we can capture an acceptably sharp image of near and far objects, as illustrated belowFocusing distance When taking pictures, we almost always want our subject to be within these two limits or the depth of field. We may also choose to keep our subject's foreground and background in focus or not. From our previous example, if we shorten the focusing distance while maintaining the same aperture size, we decrease the depth of field, as shown belowWe still have a deep depth of field; however, the kitchen countertop now lies beyond the depth of field and, therefore, out of focus. Now, let us increase the size of our aperture. Doing so allows light to spread wider, which results in a shorter distance to reach the circle of confusion limit, giving us a narrow depth of field, as we can see in the image belowWith the same large aperture opening, we can also change our camera's focusing distance towards our foreground object in this case, the electric fan and make the rest of the scene blurry, as shown in the image belowBy having a short focusing distance towards our subject and using a large aperture opening, we can see that the light spreads faster, resulting in a very narrow depth of field. The same thing happens when we take macro or close-up photos. Focal length As a rule of thumb, we use longer lenses when we want to take shallow depths of field shots. On the other hand, wide-angle lenses and lenses with short focal lengths are great for deep depth of field photography.💡 If we want to focus on our subject and blur its surroundings, when taking portrait shots, we need a shallow depth of field. If, instead, we want to capture more objects in our scene, like when capturing an entire landscape view or a massive group photo, a deep depth of field is the next section of this text, we'll discuss how to use this DoF calculator. Then, we'll dive deeper into calculating the depth of field to use the DoF calculator? Here are the steps you can follow when using our DoF calculator Select your camera's sensor size from the list. You can enter custom sensor width and height measurements by selecting Custom sensor size from the options. Enter the focal length of the lens you are using. Pick the aperture size you prefer to use. Enter your approximate focusing distance to your subject. Upon doing these steps, you'll get the depth of field and depth of field limits for your camera's settings. If you think the calculated depth of field is either too narrow or too wide for your liking, you can adjust your camera settings to meet your preference. Our DoF uses a default value of mm for the circle of confusion limit of a 35mm full-frame sensor size. You can click on the Advanced mode button below our calculator to change this value or modify the values of the factors that affect the circle of confusion limit. In the advanced mode, our DoF calculator will also display the corresponding focal ratio of your selected aperture f-stop, the approximate hyperfocal distance, and the hyperfocal near limit of your entered settings. We'll get more into these parameters in the next section of this text. And if you want to explore even further, feel free to visit the hyperfocal distance to calculate the depth of field? We have two depth of field calculation formulas that we can use. In the previous section of this text, we mentioned that the depth of field is the distance between the depth of field far limit and the depth of field near limit. We can express that in an equation form like thisDoF=DoFfar limit −DoFnear limit\small{DoF = DoF_{\text{far limit}}\ - DoF_{\text{near limit}}}That would be easy if we can right away physically measure the depth of field far and near limits. However, if we cannot measure them, we can calculate them using these formulas DoFfar limit=H × uH − u − fDoF_{\text{far limit}} = \frac{H\ \times\ u}{H\ -\ u\ -\ f} DoFnear limit=H × uH + u − fDoF_{\text{near limit}} = \frac{H\ \times\ u}{H\ +\ u\ -\ f} where HH - Hyperfocal distance; uu - Focusing distance or the camera's distance to the subject; ff - Focal length of lens used. Hyperfocal distance is the focusing distance in which we get the maximum depth of field, and we can calculate its value using this equationH=f+f2N × C\small{H = f + \frac{f^2}{N\ \times\ C}}where ff - Focal length of lens used; NN - Aperture f-number; and CC - Circle of confusion limit. The circle of confusion limit, which we know determines the depth of field, depends on several factors, as shown in the equation belowC=davdsv ×visual acuityenlargement\small{C = \frac{\left\frac{d_{\text{av}}}{d_{\text{sv}}\ \times \text{visual\ acuity}}\right}{\text{enlargement}}}where davd_{\text{av}} - Actual viewing distance of a printed photo version of an image; and dsvd_{\text{sv}} - Standard viewing distance that a person can observe the said printed photo through a defined visual acuity; visual acuity\text{visual\ acuity} - Resolution at which a typical viewer can distinguish details in the printed photo at the standard viewing distance in terms of line pairs per mm lp/mm; and enlargement\text{enlargement} - Enlargement factor of the image produced on the film or camera sensor into the printed image. Enlargement factor is essentially the ratio of the diagonal of the printed image diagonal_p\small{\text{diagonal}\_\text{p}} and the diagonal of the camera's sensor diagonal_s\small{\text{diagonal}\_\text{s}}. Expressed in equation formenlargement=diagonalpdiagonals×1000\small{\text{enlargement} = \frac{\text{diagonal}_{\text{p}}}{\text{diagonal}_{\text{s}}}\times1000}To calculate these diagonals, we can use the Pythagorean theorem, as shown in the equations below diagonal_p=wp2+hp2\text{diagonal}\_{\text{p}} = \sqrt{w_{\text{p}}^2 + h_{\text{p}}^2} diagonal_s=ws2+hs2\text{diagonal}\_{\text{s}} = \sqrt{w_{\text{s}}^2 + h_{\text{s}}^2} where wpw_{\text{p}} - Width of print; hph_{\text{p}} - Height of print; wsw_{\text{s}} - Width of sensor; and hsh_{\text{s}} - Height of sensor. 🙋 Although we provided the formulas needed to find the circle of confusion limit, we usually approximate its value around mm to mm. You can also keep in mind that we also get a smaller circle of confusion limit with a smaller sensor size, therefore a shallower depth of field. But we would also have to shorten our focal length to capture the same shot. That results in an overall effect of a deeper depth of field. You can learn more about the impact of using different sensor sizes in our crop factor depth of field formula Alternatively, we can also use this simplified depth of field calculation formulaDoF=2 × u2× N× Cf2DoF = \frac{2\ \times\ u^2\times\ N\times\ C}{f^2}where uu - Focusing distance or the camera's distance to the subject; NN - Aperture f-number; CC - Circle of confusion limit; and ff - Focal length of lens used. 🙋 Please note that this simplified depth of field formula has some limitations in giving accurate results. Nevertheless, you can still use this in approximating different depths of to learn more? Understanding depth of field can help you take great pictures, whether of people, still objects, or landscapes. But remember that as we change our camera's settings, especially the aperture size, we may also need to adjust our camera's exposure and shutter speed settings. You can check our exposure calculator and our shutter speed calculator to learn more about these other settings. 📸FAQ What is the depth of field of a 50 mm lens?Let's say our camera has a circle of confusion, c, of mm, and we set our camera with an f-stop of f/4 focal ratio, N, of 4 and focus at a distance, u, around 1,200 mm. We can approximate DoF using DoF = u² × 2 × N × C / f² or by following these steps Square u 1,200 × 1,200 = 1,440,000. Multiply it by 2, N, and c 1,440,000 × 2 × 4 × = 334,080. Divide that by the square of the focal length 334,080 / 50² = mm ≈ m. What controls the depth of field?The depth of field depends mainly on the camera's aperture size. The smaller it is, the deeper the depth of field gets. The focal length of the lens used also affects the depth of field. Using a long lens narrows the depth of field. Moving to a closer focusing distance to your subject results in a narrower or shallower depth of is the depth of field related to aperture size?The smaller the aperture is, the deeper the depth of field becomes. That is because light rays are only allowed to scatter in slight deviations due to the small aperture opening for the light to enter. Expanding the aperture opening allows the light rays getting into our camera to spread wider, resulting in more parts of the image do I get a shallow depth of field?To get a narrow or shallow depth of field, you can make one or more of these changes to your camera setup Widen your aperture opening; Use a long focal length lens; or Move closer to your subject. Does shutter speed affect the depth of field?No, shutter speed does not affect the depth of field. However, you may have to widen your aperture to let more light in when you increase your camera's shutter speed. Or, you may have to reduce your aperture opening when taking with a long shutter speed. In those cases, the changes in aperture size could affect the depth of field. But changes in shutter speed settings by itself does not affect the depth of J Mah and Kenneth Alambra3D render timeAspect ratioBlink-free photos… 23 more Top DefinitionsBritishnounOptics, range of distances along the axis of an optical instrument, usually a camera lens, through which an object will produce a relatively distinct of depth of field 1First recorded in 1910–15Also called depth of focus. Words Nearby depth of fieldDeptford pinkdepthdepth chargedepth finderdepth gaugedepth of fielddepth of focusdepth perceptiondepth psychologydepth Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023depth of fieldnounthe range of distance in front of and behind an object focused by an optical instrument, such as a camera or microscope, within which other objects will also appear clear and sharply defined in the resulting image Compare depth of focusCollins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

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